{"id":1865,"date":"2021-05-20T08:00:30","date_gmt":"2021-05-20T12:00:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.pasternack.com\/?p=1865"},"modified":"2021-05-14T16:14:00","modified_gmt":"2021-05-14T20:14:00","slug":"rf-component-device-test-series-how-are-active-rf-devices-tested","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"\/blog\/rf-testing\/rf-component-device-test-series-how-are-active-rf-devices-tested\/","title":{"rendered":"RF Component &#038; Device Test Series: How Are Active RF Devices Tested"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-1872\" src=\"\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PE15A63003.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"334\" srcset=\"\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PE15A63003.jpg 500w, \/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/PE15A63003-235x157.jpg 235w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>RF devices are active elements in the RF signal chain and are used in almost all RF systems with exception of purely passive systems. Active RF devices are distinguished from passive RF devices in that electrical power or electrical control signals are used to energize the device and change its performance. In many cases, active RF devices require direct energizing to function, in the case of biasing for amplifiers and mixers.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Common RF Active Devices<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&gt;Amplifiers<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>\u2022 Power amplifiers (PA)<\/li>\n<li>\u2022 Low noise amplifiers (LNA)<\/li>\n<li>\u2022 Gain block amplifiers (GBA)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&gt;Mixers<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><\/li>\n<li>\u2022 Upconverters<\/li>\n<li>\u2022 Downconverters<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u2022Bias Tees\/DC Blocks<br \/>\n\u2022Variable Attenuators\/Equalizers<br \/>\n\u2022Variable or switched Filters<br \/>\n\u2022Electronic, mechanical, or semiconductor-based switches<br \/>\n\u2022Modulators\/demodulators<br \/>\n\u2022Noise sources<br \/>\n\u2022Oscillators\/Synthesizers<br \/>\n\u2022Phase shifters\/Trimmers<\/p>\n<p>Testing active devices is typically more complex than testing passive devices. For some types of testing, an active device may have signals at the inputs and outputs that exceed the performance thresholds of common testing devices, such as signal generators, spectrum\/signal analyzers, vector network analyzers, and power meters. In these cases, amplifiers or attenuators may be used in addition to the basic test equipment to either cut signal powers down to safe levels for the equipment or boost the RF signals to the devices under test (DUTs) to reach levels necessary for practical testing.<\/p>\n<p>If very high power levels are used, attenuators may be inadequate to fully protect downstream sensitive test equipment, and directional couplers may be used to provide power reduction (isolation) from the high power signal path, which may then end in a high power termination.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Common RF Active Device Test Equipment &amp; Accessories<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u2022Vector Network Analyzer (VNA)<br \/>\n\u2022Spectrum\/Signal Analyzer (SA)<br \/>\n\u2022Signal Generator (SG) and Frequency Synthesizer<br \/>\n\u2022Noise Generator<br \/>\n\u2022Power Meter<br \/>\n\u2022Switch and Switch Matrices<br \/>\n\u2022Attenuator and Attenuator Matrices<br \/>\n\u2022Directional Coupler<br \/>\n\u2022Terminator<\/p>\n<p>There are many active devices that are also nonlinear. This poses additional considerations when testing, especially at high power and high frequency regimes where the nonlinear aspect of a device\u2019s performance may be significant compared to the linear behavior. S-parameter measurements made by VNAs are only capable of describing the behavior of a device in response to small-signals where the behavior of a device is likely approximated as a linear component operating at a static operating point (typically a DC bias voltage(s)). In these cases a VNA with capability of measuring X-parameters may be used. X-Parameter capable VNAs are able to measure linear and nonlinear aspects of a device\u2019s performance and include nonlinear information in the X-Parameter files, such as magnitude and phase distortion generated by a device when subjected to large-signal conditions.<\/p>\n<p>In other cases, the actual impedance of a device may be unknown throughout all operating conditions of the device. In the case of high power amplifiers, ensuring efficient transmission and optimum linearity requires knowing this impedance to best match the downstream electronics and antenna. This is especially true with high power amplifiers and high power electronics where the signals are of such a level that even minor reflections could induce damage when sent back to a device\u2019s output or develop a standing wave that presents a high enough voltage to change the device\u2019s behavior. This is when load-pull testing is employed. Load-pull is a measurement technique where the performance parameters of a device are observed while the impedance at the input or output of the device is variable. The end-goal of load pull testing is often to characterize a device, and also to find the optimum operating point for a given output impedance.<\/p>\n<p>Learn more about Pasternack\u2019s expansive line of RF\/Microwave test hardware and systems by following these links:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pasternack.com\/nsearch.aspx?Category=Calibration+Kits+Portable%5ECalibration+Kits%5ECalibration+Kits+Components&amp;keywords=calibration+ports+vna&amp;sort=y&amp;searchtype=1&amp;view_type=grid\">Pasternack VNA Calibration Kits<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pasternack.com\/nsearch.aspx?Category=Cable+Assemblies&amp;Rfinca99rfcablegn=PE-VNA-HF%5EPE-VNA-R%5EFlexible+Cable%5EPE-TC110%5EPE-FF430&amp;sort=y&amp;view_type=grid\">Pasternack Phase Stable (VNA) Coaxial Cables<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pasternack.com\/nsearch.aspx?Category=Cable+Assemblies&amp;Rfinca99rfcablegn=160+Series%5EPE-P141%5EPE-P142LL%5EPE-P300LL%5EPE-P102&amp;sort=y&amp;view_type=grid\">Pasternack Cable Generic Test Cable Assemblies<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pasternack.com\/nsearch.aspx?Category=Cable+Assemblies&amp;Rfinca99designtype=Skew+Matched+Pair&amp;sort=y&amp;view_type=grid\">Pasternack Skew Matched Pair Coaxial Cable<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pasternack.com\/nsearch.aspx?Category=Adapters&amp;Rfinad99con1series=1.0mm%5E2.4mm%5E1.85mm%5E2.4mm+NMD%5E2.92mm%5E2.92mm+NMD%5E3.5mm%5E3.5mm+NMD%5E7mm&amp;sort=y&amp;view_type=grid\">Pasternack Precision Coaxial Adapters<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pasternack.com\/nsearch.aspx?Category=Adapters&amp;sort=y&amp;view_type=grid\">Pasternack In-series and Between-series Adapters<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pasternack.com\/nsearch.aspx?Category=Microwave+Probes%5ETools+Miscellaneous&amp;keywords=PE2PB&amp;sort=y&amp;view_type=grid\">Pasternack RF Coaxial Probe<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>RF devices are active elements in the RF signal chain and are used in almost all RF systems with exception of purely passive systems. Active RF devices are distinguished from passive RF devices in that electrical power or electrical control signals are used to energize the device and change its performance. In many cases, active ..<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[481],"tags":[658,659],"class_list":["post-1865","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-rf-testing","tag-active-rf-devices","tag-testing-active-rf-devices"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>RF Component &amp; Device Test Series: How Are Active RF Devices Tested - Pasternack Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"\/blog\/rf-testing\/rf-component-device-test-series-how-are-active-rf-devices-tested\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"RF Component &amp; Device Test Series: How Are Active RF Devices Tested - Pasternack Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"RF devices are active elements in the RF signal chain and are used in almost all RF systems with exception of purely passive systems. Active RF devices are distinguished from passive RF devices in that electrical power or electrical control signals are used to energize the device and change its performance. 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